சோழர் வெண்கல உலோகவியல்

Chola bronzes were cast in a precise copper-tin-lead alloy (often near the pancha-loha tradition) using single-pour lost-wax moulds. Metallurgical analysis of surviving icons reveals deliberate alloy tuning for both castability and the warm patina prized in temple worship — an applied materials science centuries ahead of its time.